The Indian Star Tortoise

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 The Indian Star Tortoise, Geochelone elegans (Family Testudinidae) is a medium-sized tortoise endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Typical straight carapace length (CL) of females is up to 32 cm, with males up to 26 cm, but females of greater than 50 cm CL are known. The species occurs in scrub forests, grasslands, and some coastal scrublands of arid and semi-arid regions throughout its range, but also commonly inhabits human-dominated landscapes, including agricultural fields, hedgerows, and plantations. Geochelone elegans is most active during the monsoon rains when it is known to forage and copulate throughout the day. Females typically produce two clutches annually, usually comprising 2–10 eggs per clutch. Generation time has been estimated to be about 10 years. Outside of the monsoon season the species is predominantly crepuscular, typically venturing out in early morning and late afternoon, hiding under bushes or tufts of grass throughout the rest of the day and night. The species is largely herbivorous, feeding on various grasses, herbaceous succulent vegetation, fruits, and fallen flowers. It is also known to scavenge on animal matter, including centipedes, insects, slugs, snails, excreta of dogs and birds, and carrion. The main current threats to the survival of G. elegans include illegal collection, habitat loss, and accidental killings, including road mortality. Illegal collection for the international wildlife trade is the most serious concern for the species. Numerically, G. elegans is the single most confiscated species of tortoise or freshwater turtle in the global illegal wildlife trade. While some small-scale captive breeding may be occurring at some zoos and with some private keepers, few of the offspring are traded internationally, and no large-scale commercial captive production facilities are known to exist. Future conservation efforts hinge on increased legal protection inside and outside of range states, including possible uplisting on to CITES Appendix I, cooperation between relevant enforcement bodies, and the implementation of human behavioral change initiatives focused on reducing consumer demand for this protected species.

Distribution. – India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Occurs in several disjunct populations in northwestern India and extreme southeastern Pakistan, southeastern and southern India, and Sri Lanka.
Synonymy. – Testudo elegans Schoepff 1795, Chersine elegans, Peltastes stellatus elegans, Geochelone elegans, Geochelone elegans elegans, Testudo stellata Schweigger 1812 (nomen novum), Geochelone (Geochelone) stellata, Geochelone stellata, Peltastes stellatus, Testudo actinodes Bell 1828, Testudo actinoides Bell in Gray 1844 (nomen novum), Peltastes stellatus actinoides, Testudo megalopus Blyth 1854, Peltastes stellatus maura Gray 1870, Peltastes stellatus seba Gray 1870.
Subspecies. – None currently recognized.
Status. – IUCN 2018 Red List: Vulnerable (VU A4cd) (assessed 2016); CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp.; India: Wildlife Protection Act – Schedule IV (1972); Pakistan: Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance (1938) – Schedule II; Sri Lanka Fauna and Flora Ordinance (1993).

https://iucn-tftsg.org/geochelone-elegans-106/

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